Designing an assembly of objects in a computer-aided design system

ABSTRACT

The invention is directed to a method for designing an assembly of objects in a system of computer-aided design, the method comprising: (i) selecting a first object and a second object of the assembly, each of the first object and the second object having interface information; (ii) computing a set of positions of the first object relatively to the second object of the assembly; and (ii) displaying simultaneously representations of the computed positions of the first object relatively to the second object.

RELATED APPLICATION(S)

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.12/914,557, filed Oct. 28, 2010, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 or 365 to European Application No. 09306066.3, filed Nov. 6, 2009.

The entire teachings of the above application(s) are incorporated hereinby reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to the field of computers programs and systems,and more specifically to the field of designing of an assembly of objectin a Computer-Aided Design application.

BACKGROUND

Computer-aided techniques are known to include Computer-Aided Design orCAD, which relates to software solutions for authoring product design.Similarly, CAE is an acronym for Computer-Aided Engineering, e.g. itrelates to software solutions for simulating the physical behavior of afuture product. CAM stands for Computer-Aided Manufacturing andtypically includes software solutions for defining manufacturingprocesses and operations.

A number of systems and programs are offered on the market for thedesign of objects (or parts) or assemblies of objects, forming aproduct, such as the one provided by Dassault Systèmes under thetrademark CATIA. These CAD systems allow a user to construct andmanipulate complex three dimensional (3D) models of objects orassemblies of objects. CAD systems thus provide a representation ofmodeled objects using edges or lines, in certain cases with faces. Linesor edges may be represented in various manners, e.g. non-uniformrational B-splines (NURBS). These CAD systems manage parts or assembliesof parts as modeled objects, which are mostly specifications ofgeometry. Specifically, CAD files contain specifications, from whichgeometry is generated, which in turn allow for a representation to begenerated. Geometry and representation may be stored in a single CADfile or multiple ones. CAD systems include graphic tools forrepresenting the modeled objects to the designers; these tools arededicated to the display of complex objects—the typical size of a filerepresenting an object in a CAD system being in the range of oneMegabyte per part, and an assembly may comprise thousands of parts. ACAD system manages models of objects, which are stored in electronicfiles.

In computer-aided techniques, the graphical user interface (GUI) playsan important role as regards the efficiency of the technique. Most ofthe operations required for manipulating and/or navigating the modeledobjects may be performed by the user (e.g. the designers) on the GUI.Especially, the user may create, modify, and delete the modeled objectsforming the product, and also explore the product so as to comprehendhow modeled objects are interrelated, e.g. via a product structure.Traditionally, these operations are carried out through dedicated menusand icons which are located on the sides of the GUI. Recently, CADsystems such as CATIA allow calling these functions nearby therepresentation of the product. The designer does not need anymore tomove the mouse towards menus and icons. Operations are thus availablewithin reach of the mouse. In addition, the operations behavesemantically: for a given operation selected by the designer, the CADsystem may suggests to the designer, still nearby the mouse, a set ofnew operations according to the former selected operation that thedesigner is likely to select.

Also known are Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) solutions, which referto a business strategy that helps companies to share product data, applycommon processes, and leverage corporate knowledge for the developmentof products from conception to the end of their life, across the conceptof extended enterprise. By including the actors (company departments,business partners, suppliers, Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM),and customers), PLM may allow this network to operate as a single entityto conceptualize, design, build, and support products and processes.

Some PLM solutions make it for instance possible to design and developproducts by creating digital mockups (a 3D graphical model of aproduct). The digital product may be first defined and simulated usingan appropriate application. Then, the lean digital manufacturingprocesses may be defined and modeled.

The PLM solutions provided by Dassault Systèmes (under the trademarksCATIA, ENOVIA and DELMIA) provides an Engineering Hub, which organizesproduct engineering knowledge, a Manufacturing Hub, which managesmanufacturing engineering knowledge, and an Enterprise Hub which enablesenterprise integrations and connections into both the Engineering andManufacturing Hubs. All together the system delivers an open objectmodel linking products, processes, resources to enable dynamic,knowledge-based product creation and decision support that drivesoptimized product definition, manufacturing preparation, production andservice.

Such PLM solutions comprise a relational database of products. Thedatabase comprises a set of textual data and relations between the data.Data typically include technical data related to the products said databeing ordered in a hierarchy of data and are indexed to be searchable.The data are representative of the modeled objects, which are oftenmodeled products and processes.

Product lifecycle information, including product configuration, processknowledge and resources information are typically intended to be editedin a collaborative way.

Current CAD applications allow the user to define spatial relationshipsbetween the objects (or parts) of an assembly of objects, e.g. betweentwo products of an assembly of objects. Typically, as know in the art,the user is a designer who moves an object relatively to another objectin order to place the object at a specific position. For instance, thedesigner may wish to place a screw through a hole comprised in a plate.To this aim, the designer selects and moves the screw on the plate untila rough approximate of the desired position of the screw relatively tothe hole of the plate is reached. Then, mating properties of the screwand the plate are used to find a position of the screw relatively to theplate, the position being determined according to the location of thescrew provided by the designer.

However, positioning an object relatively to another is a difficult andcumbersome task for the designer because the designer has to move thefirst object over the second one (or parts of them) at the right place,and the first and second object may be really small; for instance, apart of an object may be like a point.

In addition, most of the current solutions propose only one positionbetween two selected objects among a given couple of positions. Thus,these solutions do not provide a global and ordered set of all therelevant solutions between these objects, and therefore, the designercannot determine what the best solution among the several solutions is.Moreover, if the user does not move the object over a particularelement, he/she will not be informed of the corresponding solution.

Incidentally, some solutions propose to the designer positions betweentwo selected objects by using all geometrical elements of the first andsecond objects, which in turn, can be quickly flooded with uselesspositions.

Thus, according to the limitations of the existing solutions shortlydiscussed above, there is a need for improving the recurrent assembly ofobjects in an easier and faster way such that the productivity of thedesigner is increased and the design errors minimized.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention therefore provides a method for designing an assembly ofobjects in a system of computer-aided design. The method comprisesselecting a first object and a second object of the assembly, each ofthe first object and the second object having interface information,computing a set of positions of the first object relatively to thesecond object of the assembly, and displaying simultaneouslyrepresentations of the computed positions of the first object relativelyto the second object.

The method according to the invention may comprise one ore more of thefollowing features:

-   -   a) the simultaneously displayed representations of the computed        positions are displayed according to several levels of        visibility;    -   b) the simultaneously displayed representations of the computed        positions have a respective transparency;    -   c) the simultaneously displayed representations of the computed        positions are displayed according to a ranking of the computed        positions;    -   d) prior to the step of displaying, the step of ranking the        positions of the set of the first object relatively to the        second object according to at least one criterion;    -   e) prior to the step of computing the set of positions, the step        of adding constraints, upon user actuation, between the first        object and the second object;    -   f) the first object and the second object of the assembly are        three-dimensional modeled objects and wherein the said at least        one criterion is one of the following:        -   i. a number of constraints between the first object and the            second object of the assembly;        -   ii. a number of constraints suggested by a user between the            first object and the second object of the assembly, the            first and second objects being relatively positioned;        -   iii. a distance between projections in a two-dimensional            space of the first object and the second object of the            assembly, the first and second objects being relatively            positioned;        -   iv. a distance, in a three-dimensional space, between the            first object and the second object of the assembly which are            relatively positioned;        -   v. an angle of rotation between the first object and the            second object of the assembly which are relatively            positioned;        -   vi. the first object and the second object of the assembly,            which are relatively positioned, are visible on the            graphical user interface;        -   vii. a design error, between the first object and the second            object of the assembly which are relatively positioned, is            detected;    -   g) the step of computing a set of positions of the first object        relatively to the second object of the assembly comprises        computing at least one matching of the interface information of        the first object and the second object, and solving geometric        constraints between the first object and the second object after        each computation of said at least one matching;    -   h) the steps of computing at least one matching of the interface        information and solving geometric constraints after each        computation of said at least one matching are carried out        according to a traversal of a graph, wherein: each node of the        graph represents a combination of one interface information of        the first object and one interface information of the second        object, each node of the graph at a given level of the graph,        pointing on a parent node, represents the combination already        represented by another node in an upper level of said given        level, each node of the graph having not solvable geometric        constraints is suppressed of the graph, and for a given node, a        position of the set of positions is provided by:        -   i. a set of constraints built from the combination of said            given node; and        -   ii. a set of constraints built from the combinations of the            parents of said given node;    -   i) the step of computing a set of positions of the first object        relatively to the second object of the assembly further        comprises computing a first identifier between at least two        interface information of the first object and a second        identifier between at least two interface information of the        second object, associating said first and second identifiers of        the interface information to the objects owning respectively        said at least two interface information of the first object and        said at least two interface information of the second object,        and using said first and second identifiers for identifying a        matching, during the computation of another matching involving        at least one of said first and second objects;    -   j) the step of computing the set of positions of the first        object relatively to the second object of the assembly is first        performed taking account of the constraints added by the user,        and then performed without taking account of the constraints        added by the user;    -   k) the step of ranking the positions of the set of the first        object relatively to the second object is carried out according        to at least two criteria, each criterion of the said at least        two criteria being ranked and the positions of the set are        ranked in lexicographic order relying on the ranked criteria;    -   l) at the step of selecting a first object and a second object,        the steps of identifying at least one publication of the first        object and at least one publication of the second object, and        computing an interface information of the first object and an        interface information of the second object for each said at        least one identified publication of the first object and at        least one identified publication of the second object;    -   m) the said at least one publication of the first object and the        said at least one publication of the second object comprise        elements of geometry;    -   n) the interface information of the first object and the        interface information of the second object is computed in order        to be representative of a coincidence with elements of geometry;    -   o) elements of geometry are restricted to points, lines, planes,        and axis systems;    -   p) one of the simultaneously displayed representations of the        computed positions is emphasized by placing a cursor on said one        of the simultaneously displayed representations upon user action        on a haptic device.

The invention further proposes a computer program product having acomputer program, stored on a computer readable medium, for designing anassembly of objects in a system of computer-aided design, the computerprogram comprising code means for causing the system of computer-aideddesign to take the steps of the method of the invention.

The invention still concerns an apparatus for designing an assembly ofobjects in a system of computer-aided design, the apparatus comprisingmeans for implementing the steps of the method of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A system embodying the disclosed technology will now be described, byway of non-limiting example, and in reference to the accompanyingdrawings, where:

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of typical GUI in a CAD system;

FIG. 2 is a flowchart of an embodiment for carrying out the invention;

FIGS. 3 to 5 are graphical representation of the method according to theinvention;

FIGS. 6 to 8 illustrate the mating of a crank with an axis according tothe invention;

FIG. 9 is a schematic view of a hardware and software environmentadapted for carrying out the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

In reference to FIG. 1, the exemplified graphical user interface (orGUI) 100 may be a typical CAD-like interface, having standard menu bars110, 120, as well as bottom and side toolbars 140, 150. Such menu andtoolbars contain a set of user-selectable icons, each icon beingassociated with one or more operations or functions, as known in theart.

Some of these icons are associated with software tools, adapted forediting and/or working on a modeled product 200 or parts of product 200such as that displayed in the GUI 100. In the following description,“product”, “part”, “assembly” and the like may be referred to as “part”for the sake of simplicity. Note that the concept of “part” can in factbe generalized to that of “object”, wherein an object can be only a“physical” part of the designed product or, more generally, any softwaretool participating in the design process (but not necessarily “in” thefinal product).

The software tools may be grouped into workbenches. Each workbenchcomprises a subset of software tools. In particular, one of theworkbenches is an edition workbench, suitable for editing geometricalfeatures of the modeled product 200. In operation, a designer may forexample pre-select a part of the object 200 and then initiate anoperation (e.g. change the dimension, color, etc.) or edit geometricalconstraints by selecting an appropriate icon. For example, typical CADoperations are the modeling of the punching or the folding of a 3Dmodeled object displayed on the screen.

In addition, the one or more operations or functions may be selecteddirectly nearby the modeled product 200 or parts of product 200displayed in the GUI 100. To this aim, a user-selectable icon 170associated with operations or functions may appear near a selector 160,e.g. the cursor of a haptic device such a mouse. The user may pass thecursor 160 over the phylactery 170 which, in response, displays a set oficons 180. Typically, the user-selectable icons 170, 180 may have theform of a phylactery. Then the user selects one of the icons of the setof icons 180 in order to perform a function associated with saidselected icon. Furthermore, the set of icons 180 behave semantically,that is, the set of icons 180 is suggested by the CAD system accordingto the operation the user is supposed to have in mind.

The GUI may for example display data 250 related to the displayedproduct 200. In the example of FIG. 1, the data 250, displayed as a“feature tree”, and their 3D representation 200 pertain to a brakeassembly including brake caliper and disc. The GUI may further showvarious types of graphic tool 130,160, for example for facilitating 3Dorientation of the object, for triggering a simulation of an operationof an edited product or render various attributes of the displayedproduct 200.

FIG. 2 is a flowchart depicting an embodiment of the invention whereinfour blocks are to be seen, pertaining respectively to phases ofselecting objects having interface information (steps 20, 30, and 31),computing a set of positions of the first object relatively to thesecond object (steps 40-62), ranking the positions (step 80), anddisplaying simultaneously the representations of the computed positions(step 90). The various boxes of the flowchart have several shapes: atrapezoid shape 2000 points out a user (e.g. a designer) input, arectangular shape 2001 represents a stage, an hexagonal shape 2002 showsa loop, and a parallelogram 2003 is a test of a condition.

The depicted embodiment of the invention starts with the selection of afirst object and a second object of an assembly of objects. The firstobject and the second object have interface information. This isillustrated on FIG. 2 by the steps 20, 30, and 31.

At step 20, the first and the second objects of the assembly areselected, that is, they are identified and chosen among the objects ofthe assembly of objects. The selection may be performed by the system ofCAD. The selection may also be performed upon user action, typically inthe graphical user interface 100 of the CAD system, as illustrated inFIG. 1. When the selection is carried out by the user, he/she may use ahaptic device such as keyboard, a mouse, a stylus, a touch screen, orthe like. For instance, in a two-button mouse, the left button could beused for selecting an object when the cursor of the mouse is over adedicated area of the GUI.

The selected first and second objects may be displayed in the GUI 100.In addition, the selected first and second objects may be modeledobjects or three-dimensional (3D) modeled objects. A three-dimensional(3D) modeled object is a description of an object in a three dimensional(3D) space. A 3D space is a geometric model of a physical universe,which may be mathematically represented by a geometry which describesevery point in three-dimensional space by means of coordinates.Incidentally, other ways of describing three-dimensional space exist. A3D modeled object refers essentially to specifications, from whichgeometry is generated. A 3D modeled object is thus a mathematicaldescription depicting of a 3D object, that is, a collection of points in3D space, connected by various geometric entities such as triangles,lines, curved surfaces, etc. A 3D modeled object is represented by a 3Drepresentation of the 3D modeled object.

In addition, the first object and the second object of the assembly ofobjects may be different products. A product is formed of assemblies ofobjects. Thus, the selection may be carried out on objects of theassembly, or on products of the assembly. The first object may bereferred to as the “to place” object (or product) and the second objectmay be referred to as the “target” object (or product).

The first and the second objects have publications. Typically,publications may be stored (or “embedded”) with an object. A publicationis a link aggregated under an object to a geometrical element or anotherpublication inside this object, and the publication publishes and makespublic mating information about interfacing the first object with otherobjects of the assembly of objects (e.g. with the second object).Accordingly, a publication may define a set of knowledges of thepositioning of an object relatively to at least one other object of theassembly of object. The aggregation (or “embedding”) of the publicationwith the object greatly increases automation when placing an objectbecause both the first and second objects have information required forperforming a mating.

A publication is a link to an element of geometry. Advantageously, theelements of geometry may be restricted to points, lines, planes, andaxis systems. Typically, the restriction is made according to thetechnical context of the assembly, e.g. in a mechanical context, theelements of geometry are preferably limited to points, lines, planes,and axis systems. In another technical context (for instance amechanical system comprising gears), curves would be retained. Itresults from this restriction that the quantity of information providedto the objects is limited, while keeping a sufficient number ofinformation for mating objects. In addition, the number of positioningsolutions of an object relatively to at least one other object islimited, and the most relevant positions are retained. Therefore, betterresults are provided while the number of tries decreases.

Referring now to FIG. 3, a plate 300 and a screw 400 are displayed on aGUI 100 as depicted in reference to FIG. 1. The GUI displays data 250related to the displayed products 300 and 400. In the example of FIG. 3,the data 250 are displayed as a “feature tree” and show the publicationsof the plate 300 and the screw 400. The screw 400 comprises twopublications: a publication of an axis 401 and a publication of a face402. The plate 300 comprises five publications: one publication for eachaxis of the holes 301 to 304, and one publication for the face 305.These seven publications of parts of the two products 300 and 400 arepublished, and designer may have access to the information they contain.

Back to FIG. 2, at the steps 30, the process of the disclosed technologydetermines whether the publications of the first object and the secondobject are interface information. If all the publications are interfaceinformation, then the next step of the process is the step 40. On thecontrary, if some of the publications are not interface information,then the next step of the process is the step 31.

Interface information are publications enhanced by data to build a fullyspecified constraint with another compatible interface information.Interface information thus provides mating information about interfacinga first object with at last another object of the assembly, the matinginformation comprising the required knowledges for positioning the firstobject relatively to at least one other object of the assembly.Therefore, thanks to the interface information, a new object may beadded and placed relatively to another object without requiringsupplementary information. Using interface information is advantageousfor designers as they can add mating information of an object prior theplacement of the object. In addition, they may access or not matinginformation of an object depending their rights on the object. This maylead to reduce designs errors. As a result, the process of positioningof an object relatively to another object is improved and faster.

At the step 31, the process according to the invention identifies atleast one publication of the first and the second objects, and computesinterface information of the first and second objects for eachidentified publication of the first and second objects. To this aim, thepublications of the first and second objects are enhanced so as toinclude all available information, such as type of expected geometry,orientation, and distance of the first object, in order to build a fullyspecified constraint with compatible publications. Thus, interfaceinformation are built based on information deduced from the assembledproduct of the assembly of objects.

In practice, the interface information of the first and second objectsare computed in order to be representative of a coincidence withelements of geometry of the assembly of objects, e.g. the most commonkinematics joints between products such as coincidence, revolute,prismatic, with point to point coincidences, line to line coincidences,and plane to plane contacts as constraints. Advantageously, interfaceinformation are linked to elements of geometry of the object, e.g. theelement of geometry may be restricted to points, lines, planes, and axissystems. Similarly as for publications, it results from this restrictionthat the required quantity of information for mating objects is limited.

Additionally, once the publications of the first and second objects havebeen enhanced, that is interface information computed, hooking pointsmay be built. A hooking point is a set of interface information orpublications having a common identifier. At this stage of the process, ahooking point allows identifying the interface information computed atthe step 31.

However, interface information cannot be always computed frompublications, e.g. there is not sufficient information available forperforming the computation. To this aim, interface information andpublications are compatible, which involves that the steps 40-90 may becarried out with publications only, interface information only, or a mixof publications and interface information.

Once the steps 30 and 31 are performed, the steps 40-62 are carried outfor computing a set of positions of the first object relatively to thesecond object of the assembly. At this stage, the first and secondobjects have interface information and the computation of the set ofposition may be performed thanks to these interface information.However, as previously mentioned, the computation of the set may be alsoperformed with publications only or a mix of publications and interfaceinformation.

The computation of the set of positions between the first and secondobjects may also take account of supplementary constraints which aresuggested constraints. Indeed, before carrying out the aforementionedsteps 40-62, constraints may be input, upon user actuation, on the firstobject and the second object. Advantageously, taking account of thesuggested constraints during the computation of the set of positionsallows increasing the speed of the assembly process. Indeed, thecomputed set of position will comprise the design intend of the user,without requiring supplementary time of manipulation to mate theobjects, provided that choosing objects to mate and providing suggestedconstraints are performed simultaneously. Therefore, the number ofmanipulations while assembling objects is reduced.

Typically, the user may input the suggested constraints when selectingthe first and second objects, e.g. by clicking on the first and secondobjects, as depicted on FIG. 4 which shows the same screw 400 and plate300 depicted in FIG. 3. The lower face 402 of the screw 400 is selectedby the user by clicking with the cursor of a haptic device on the point403, and the upper face of the plate 300 is selected by the user byclicking with the cursor of the haptic device on the point 310. It isalso possible for the user to suggest constraint via a drag and dropoperation. For instance, the user may select the lower face 402 of thescrew 400 by clicking on the point 403, drag it over the upper face ofthe plate 300, and drop the screw 400 when its points 403 is nearby thepoint 310 of the plate 300. The suggested constraints may also beinputted, for instance, via the “tree” 250 in reference to FIG. 3. In anon-limiting way, any other means may be used in order to suggestconstraints, as known in the art.

The sub-steps 41-62 of step 40 are achieved in two passes. Thecomputation of the set of positions of the first object relatively tothe second one is first performed taking account of the constraintsinputted by the user, and next performed without taking account of theconstraints input by the user. Advantageously, the computation in twopasses allows computing a set of positions which comprises positionsincluding constraints suggested by the user, but also positions thatonly use characteristic elements. A position with one or moreconstraints built from the interface information is then preferred to asuggested constraint that can not be completed with constraints builtfrom the interface information. In particular, if any position takingaccount of the suggested constraints may be computed, the processaccording to the invention may however provide at least a set ofpositions computed from the interface information.

Computing the set of position (steps 41-62) may comprise two sub-steps.The first one is defined by steps 50-52 and consists in computing atleast one matching of the interface information of the first and secondobjects. The second one comprises the steps 60-62 and consists insolving geometric constraints between the first and second objects aftereach computation of at least one matching performed on steps 50-52.Thus, positions are found (that is, computed) by trying everycombination of geometrical constraints provided by the interfaceinformation. A combination of geometrical constraints is a position ifthe combination can be solved and no constraint is redundant withanother constraint of the combination.

Preferably, the computation of the matching between interfaceinformation of objects and the solving of the geometrical constraintsare performed by the means of a dedicated graph structure which is builtand traversed during computation and solving steps.

A graph structure, as known in the art, is comprised of nodes connectedby arcs. Each node of the graph represents a combination of oneinterface information of the first object and one interface informationof the second object, and each arc represents a possibility to pass froma node to another node.

As seen previously, hooking points of interface information orpublications may be computed at step 31. A hooking point allowsidentifying the computed interface information and creating groups ofinterface information. Advantageously, any matching between interfaceinformation belonging to same hooking points is computed. The number ofcomputations is therefore decreased. Referring back to FIG. 3, oneconsiders a scenario in which interface information are computedstarting from publications of the screw 400 and the plate 300. In thisscenario, a hooking point of the screw 400 is built from its twopublications and a hooking point of the plate 300 is built from its fivepublications. When computing relative positions, only the matchingsbetween the publications of the screw 400 and the plate 300 arecomputed.

The graph comprises several levels which are traversed in breadth first(steps 43-44): the sibling nodes of a level are traversed prior theirdescendant nodes. Thus, the graph is traversed level by level, and aparent level is left for a child level once all the nodes of the parentlevel have been computed and solved. Each node of the graph, at a givenlevel of the graph, may point on a parent node: a child node isconnected to a parent node. However, a child node may point on a parentnode only if the combination represented by the child node is alreadyrepresented by another node in an upper level. In other words, whilebuilding the graph structure, a node representing a combination cannotbe a child if the combination never appeared before.

In practice, the first level of the graph which is built is the rootnode (step 42). The root node is the highest level of the graph. Thenseveral levels of the graph are built and traversed (step 43-44). Thegraph is composed of at least a second level which comprises all thecombinations between interface information of the first and secondobjects. For each node of a given level, one matching of the interfaceinformation of the first and second objects is computed (steps 50). Ifno matching is computed, then the node is cut from the tree.Advantageously, this implies that the search graph allows limiting thenumber of computation of matching of interface information: indeed, achild node points on a parent node only if the combination representedby the child node is already represented by another node in an upperlevel. Consequently, the time required to traverse the search graph isincreased since combination having no matching cannot be reused in thegraph at a lower level. Hence, the overall process for building andtraversing the graph is enhanced.

On the contrary, if a matching at a node is computed, then the geometricconstraints of the node are solved (step 53). Solving geometricconstraints may be performed by a solver as known in the art. One cannote that the suppression of the nodes which do not have a matching isadvantageous at the step of solving. Indeed, solving geometricconstraints requires huge quantities of computational resources of thesystem, e.g. CPU, memory, . . . As a result, the disclosed technologyallows preserving computational resources and the time required tocompute the positions of the set is decreased.

Each node of the graph having not solvable geometric constraints issuppressed of the graph (step 61), while nodes with solved geometricconstraints are kept. Thus, the graph is built and traversed step bystep. Once the graph has been traversed, a node of the graph provides aposition which is then added the set of positions (step 62). Therelative position of a node is provided by a set of constraints builtfrom the combination of the node and a set of constraints built from thecombinations of the parents of the node.

Incidentally, the number of computations required for computing thepositions may be improved thanks to the use of identifiers, e.g. hookingpoints. To this aim, an identifier between interface information of anobject is computed, and the identifier is associated to the respectiveobjects owning the interface. Next, the identifier is used foridentifying a matching, during the computation of another matchinginvolving at least one of said first and second objects. Thanks to theidentifier, it is possible to identify a former matching of acombination, which provides the possibility to privilege a matchingpreviously computed as being a solution.

At steps 70-71, the solutions computed at steps 40-62 are handled inorder to compute data related to the constraints of each of the positionof the set of position. Moreover, at step 71, at least one criterion iscomputed so as to rank the positions of the set. Advantageously, thecriteria are computed only one time and then used for ranking thepositions of the set, thus limiting the consumption of the resource.

At step 80, the set of positions of the first object relatively to theone are ranked according to at least one criterion. The step of rankingprovides a list of positions in which it is easy to determine what theexpected position is. Importantly, the ranking is performed according tocriteria, that is, standards on which a judgment or decision may bebased for ranking the positions previously computed.

In practice, one criterion does not suffice to decide between thepositions, and in general, at least two criteria may be used in order tocarry out the ranking between the positions. Furthermore, each criterionis ranked and the positions are ranked in lexicographic order relying onthe ranked criteria. The lexicographic order provides a natural orderstructure of two ordered sets. For instance, if the positions of a firstset of positions have the same ranking according to a first criterion,then the positions are ranked according to second criterion. As aresult, a second set of position is provided and ranked according to thefirst and the second criterion. If second set comprises positions stillhaving the same ranking, then a third criterion may be used for rankingnew set of positions, and so on.

Typically, the first object and the second object of the assembly arethree-dimensional modeled objects, and criteria (in a preferred ranking)may be one of the followings:

i) a number of constraints between the first object and the secondobject of the assembly: this criterion selects the position which solvesthe most important number of constraints, that is, the positions thatare furthermost from the root of the graph structure. Advantageously,this allows promoting position having the less degrees of freedom.

ii) a number of constraints suggested by a user between the first objectand the second object of the assembly, the first object beingpositioned: for a same number of constraints between two positions, theposition comprising the most of important number of suggestedconstraints will be preferred.

iii) a distance between projections in a two-dimensional space of thefirst object and the second object of the assembly, the first objectsbeing positioned; the first object and the second object arethree-dimensional objects. The first and second objects may be projectedon a plane, e.g. the plane is defined by the computer screen. Thedistance may be measured between two picking points previously inputtedby the user, e.g. while the user suggests constraints when selecting thefirst and second objects, as seen previously. Each position of the firstobject relatively to the second one has thus a picking point, as well asthe second object. Distances between picking points of the positionedfirst and second objects may therefore be measured. According to themeasured distances, the position may be ranked. In practice, theposition providing the smaller distance between the positioned firstobject and the second object is privileged: the shorter is the measureddistance, the better is the position. Indeed, giving priority to thesmaller distance allows improving the general design process because thedesigner may have the possibility to indicate to the system the positionhe/she would like to privilege, and this can be performed in an easyway, e.g. by clicking on the objects while selecting the first and thesecond objects. In addition, the designer does not have to browseaccurately the whole second object to have an expected solution: asimple click on the second object is sufficient. Accordingly, most ofdesign errors may be prevented; for instance selecting the wrong secondobject. Hence, one understands that the recurrent assembly of objects ismade in an easier and faster way such that the productivity of thedesigner is greatly increased.

iv) a distance, in a three-dimensional space, between the first objectand the second object which are relatively positioned; the first objectand the second object are three-dimensional objects. Similarly, thedistance is measured between picking points of the positioned first andsecond objects, and the smaller measured distance may be privileged. Oneunderstands that the same advantages are provided as on point iii).

v) an angle of rotation between the positioned first object and thesecond object; the first object and the second object arethree-dimensional objects. The angle of rotation measures the rotationperformed by the selected first object in order to fit with the computedpositions. According to the measured angle of rotation, the positionsmay be ranked. In practice, the smaller angle of rotation is privileged:indeed, it advantageous to privilege the solution which is the closer towhat see the designer while designing the assembly of objects. Forinstance, the screw 400 of FIG. 3 may pass through the holes 301-303with its head on the upper face or on the lower face of the plate 300.However, as the screw 400 has its head turned to the top when selected,positions with the screw having its head turned to the top areprivileged compared to the positions in which the head of the screw isturned to the bottom since the angle of rotation is smaller for thefirst case that for the second case.

vi) the first positioned object and the second object of the assemblyare visible on the graphical user interface. Positions which are visibleare privileged compared to the positions which are not. In practice, thepositioned first object (the to place object) is visible on thegraphical user interface and its picking point is visible in theposition of the solution. Advantageously, the designer is not flooded bypositions for which he/she does not have interest in: indeed, thedesigner focuses on few objects of the assembly, and is therefore notinterested by the other objects. Incidentally, the designer may zoom outon the assembly, and thus new positions may be taken into considerationduring the step of ranking.

vii) a design error, between the positioned first object and the secondobject, is detected. Typically, a design error may occur wheninterferences specifications are not respected. Generally interferencesspecifications encompass clash, contact and clearance specifications. Inthis respect, it is important to avoid a clash (matter interpenetration)between two objects. In practice, when a clash is detected, the positionis suppressed from the set of positions.

The criteria are not limited to the above cited, and any other criterionmay be used for ranking the positions. In addition, the ranking of thecriteria may be modified by the user. By this way, the ranking of theposition fulfils the needs and requirements of the user.

At step 90, representations of the computed positions of the firstobject relatively to the second object are displayed simultaneouslyaccording to the ranking of the computed positions. In practice, thesimultaneously displayed representations may be displayed according toseveral levels of visibility, and each respective level of visibility ofthe representation of a position is representative of the respectiveranking of the position. Accordingly, the computed positions aredisplayed simultaneously and represented with a respective level ofvisibility: therefore, the designer is provided an intuitive andefficient way to choose a position among many one. Hence, the lifeexperience of the designer while designing the assembly of objects isincreased because he/she can see all possibilities of positions, eventthose that are difficult to find. Therefore, the designer may easilymake his/her choice even if the positions are numerous.

In addition, each displayed representation of a position may have arespective level of transparency. A level of transparency implies thatthe transparency is not total: thus, positions are always visible forthe designer. Partial transparency (or translucency) is achieved whentransmitting and diffusing light of a position can be only partial ordiffuse. Moreover, the levels of transparency may be determinedaccording to the ranking of the computed position. Typically, the levelsof transparency may be determined such that a best position of theranking (that is, the position which fulfils the most important numberof criteria) is displayed with the lowest level of transparency whilethe worst position (that is, the position which fulfils the lessimportant number of criteria) is displayed with the lowest level oftransparency. In other words, the better the position is, the lesstransparent the displayed position is. In practice, transparency of thebest position of the ranking is set to a reference value, and thetransparency from the second solution to the last one linearly andregularly decreases from a ceil value (half of the reference value) to afloor value (almost transparent). Moreover, the respective rendering mayalso be performed according to a color code. Consequently, the view ofthe designer is no more flooded by the important number of positions asthe transparency adjusts the displaying of the positions of the set.Thus, discovering and understanding the assembly of object is easier forthe designer and his/her productivity is therefore increased.

Incidentally, if the position having the less transparent representationdoes not satisfy the designer, he/she still has the possibility todisplay another position with the same level of transparency as theposition having the less transparent representation. For instance, theuser may actuate a haptic device, and upon actuation, e.g. uponactuation of a mouse wheel, the computed positions are displayed in adecreasing order based on the ranking of the position.

FIGS. 3 to 5 are graphical representations of an embodiment of themethod according to the invention. FIG. 3 depicts a plate 300 and ascrew 400 which are displayed on a GUI. The screw 400 is a “to place”object, and the plate 300 is a “target” object. A “feature tree” showsin the GUI properties of both objects such as their publications. Thescrew 400 comprises two publications: a publication of an axis 401 and apublication of a face 402. The plate 300 comprises five publications:one publication for each one the axis of the homes computation of theset of positions 301 to 304, and one publication for the face 305.

Next, on FIG. 4, the user selects, e.g. by means of a cursor of a mouse,the “to place” object 400 by clicking on the point 403 of the lower face402 of the object 400. Then, the user selects the “target” object 300 byclicking on the point 310 of the upper face 305 of the object 300.Since, publications of the screw 400 and the plate 300 are not interfaceinformation, the hooking point of the screw is built from its twopublications and the hooking point of the plate is built from its fivepublications. In addition, the user suggests constraints while selectingthe screw and the plate: a user constraint between the upper face of theplate and the lower face of the screw.

Then, the process computes a set of positions between the screw and theplate. To this aim, a graph is built and traversed, in a first pass bytaking account of the suggested constraints, and in a second passwithout taking account of the suggested constraints. A set of positionsis computed and comprises four positions 420-423 based on an axis-axiscoincidence of the screw and each hole. At this step, the process couldsimultaneously display representations of the positions 420-423. Inaddition, the representation may be displayed according to severallevels of visibility. For instance, the simultaneous displayedrepresentation may have respective transparency.

Next, the positions are ranked according to criteria. The firstcriterion analyses of the number of constraints between the screw andthe plate; this number is the same. Therefore, a second criterion isrequired for separating computed position: the number of constraintssuggested by a user between the screw and the plate is the same for eachposition. A third criterion is then used: the picking point 403 of thescrew 400 is placed in each position 420-423, and then distances, in atwo-dimensional space, between the points 430-433 and the picking point310 of the plate 300 are therefore measured. The shorter is thedistance, the better is the position. According to FIG. 4, the positionsare ranked as follow (the best to the worst): the best position (noted1) is the position 423 then the positions 422 (noted 2), 420 (noted 3),and 421 (noted 4).

Once ranked, the respective representations of the positions aredisplayed according to the ranking In FIG. 4, the position 423 has abetter level of visibility than positions 420, 421, and 422.

FIG. 5 is similar to FIG. 4, excepted that the designer has selected acorner 500 a of the screw head 400 and a corner 500 b of the plate 300.Thus, the constraints suggested by the user are a contact between thetwo corners. When computing a set of positions, the constraintssuggested by the user are completed with constraints built withpublications. However, in this case, it results that from thiscombination of constraints that the combinations are over constraints.Thus, the first pass of the graph which takes account of the suggestedconstraints fails, and the set of positions is computed only from thesecond pass of the graph, that is, without taking account of thesuggested constraints. As a result, the positions are computed based onthe publications of the screw and the plate. Then, the position of theset are ranked, similarly as in FIG. 4, and the solution 501 isdisplayed on the GUI with a level of visibility more important than thethree others positions.

Incidentally, the designer may navigate between the positions. One ofthe simultaneously displayed positions may be emphasized by placing acursor on it. Typically, this is performed upon user action on a hapticdevice, e.g. the cursor of the mouse is placed over the position. Theemphasizing of the position may for instance be carried out thanks to ahighlight of the position. A highlight consists in applying on therepresentation of the position an emissive and light colour. Theemphasizing may also be performed via visual effects such blinking ofthe position thickening the outline of the emphasized position, orincreasing a density of points forming the outline of the emphasizedposition. By the way, any means which allows the designer to distinguisha position of the others may be used.

Referring now to FIGS. 6-8, the mating of a crank 900 with an axis 901is depicted. On FIG. 6, positions of the set positions computedaccording to the invention are represented on the GUI. Among theserepresentations, the position 910 is the less transparent: indeed, thisposition is the best position according to the ranking (that is, theposition which fulfils the less important number of criteria). Thepositions 920 and 930 are more transparent. FIG. 6 illustrates thelinearity between the transparency and the relevance of computedpositions. The user can therefore easily detect what is the bestposition as the transparency is less important. Meanwhile, if the bestposition is not considered as relevant for the designer, he/she maystill see the other positions.

On FIG. 7, the designer has moved the cursor 902 of a haptic device onthe best position 910. The position is therefore emphasized. Thedesigner may consequently pre-visualize a solution based on the bestposition: the transparency of the other positions is decreased while thetransparency of the position 910 is increased. The solution position 910is thus emphasized, which advantageously permits the user to easilycomprehend the solution.

When the designer moves the cursor 902 over another position 930, thenthis position is in turn emphasized, as illustrated on FIG. 8. Thedesigner can therefore preview each position independently from theothers. Meanwhile, the designer may navigate easily among the otherpositions.

It is to be understood that the foregoing method can be applied to anyobject in any configuration capable of being defined by a CAD/CAM/CAEsystem, or any system used to design an assembly of objects. Theinvention may be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, or incomputer hardware, firmware, software, or in combinations of them.Apparatus of the invention may be implemented in a computer programproduct tangibly embodied in a machine-readable storage device forexecution by a programmable processor; and method steps of the inventionmay be performed by a programmable processor executing a program ofinstructions to perform functions of the invention by operating on inputdata and generating output.

The invention may advantageously be implemented in one or more computerprograms that are executable on a programmable system including at leastone programmable processor coupled to receive data and instructionsfrom, and to transmit data and instructions to, a data storage system,at least one input device, and at least one output device. Theapplication program may be implemented in a high-level procedural orobject-oriented programming language, or in assembly or machine languageif desired; and in any case, the language may be a compiled orinterpreted language.

FIG. 9 shows a client computer system, e.g. a workstation of a userdesigning an assembly of objects. The client computer comprises acentral processing unit (CPU) 1201 connected to an internalcommunication BUS 1200, a random access memory (RAM) 1207 also connectedto the BUS. The client computer system is further provided with agraphical processing unit (GPU) 1211 which is associated with a videorandom access memory 1210 connected to the BUS. Video RAM 1210 is alsoknown in the art as frame buffer. A mass storage device controller 1202manages accesses to a mass memory device, such as hard drive 1203. Massmemory devices suitable for tangibly embodying computer programinstructions and data include all forms of nonvolatile memory, includingby way of example semiconductor memory devices, such as EPROM, EEPROM,and flash memory devices; magnetic disks such as internal hard disks andremovable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM disks 1204. Any ofthe foregoing may be supplemented by, or incorporated in, speciallydesigned ASICs (application-specific integrated circuits). A networkadapter 1205 manages accesses to a network 1206. The client computersystem may also include a haptic device 1209 such as cursor controldevice, a keyboard or the like. A cursor control device is used in theclient computer to permit the user to selectively position a cursor atany desired location on display 1208. In addition, the cursor controldevice allows the user to select various commands, and input controlsignals. The cursor control device includes a number of signalgeneration devices for input control signals to system. Typically, acursor control device may be a mouse, the button of the mouse being usedto generate the signals.

The preferred embodiment of the present invention has been described. Itwill be understood that various modifications may be made withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope of the invention. Therefore, otherimplementations are within the scope of the following claims. Forinstance, the ranking of the criteria may depend on the technicalcontext of the assembly.

What is claimed is:
 1. A computer-implemented method for designing anassembly of objects in a system of computer-aided design, the methodcomprising: selecting, upon user action, a first object and a secondobject of the assembly, the first object and the second object having nointerface information, an interface information being a publicationenhanced by mating information; identifying at least one publication ofthe first object and at least one publication of the second object, apublication of a particular object being a link to an element ofgeometry of the said particular object and making public elements ofgeometry of the particular object available for interfacing with theanother object; computing, in a processor, an interface information ofthe first object and interface information of the second object for eachsaid at least one identified publication of the first object and atleast one identified publication of the second object, the computedinterface information being a publication having enhanced assembly datato build a fully specified constraint when matched with anothercompatible interface information, the computed interface informationbeing not matched with the said another compatible interface informationat the time of its computation, the enhanced assembly data includingmating information about interfacing the particular object with theanother object; computing, in a processor, a set of positions of thefirst object on the second object of the assembly by trying everycombination of geometrical constraints provided by the interfaceinformation, the computing of the set of positions comprising: computingevery matchings of the interface information of the first object and thesecond object; and solving geometric constraints between the firstobject and the second object after each computation of said everymatchings; and displaying, on a display, simultaneously at least two 3Drepresentations of the computed positions of the first object on thesecond object, wherein each representation of a computed position is arepresentation of an assembly of the first and second objects, andwherein the simultaneous displayed multiple representations each in oneof the computed positions have a level of transparency that isdetermined according to a ranking, based on predetermined criteria, ofthe respective one of the computed positions.
 2. The method of claim 1,wherein the simultaneously displayed representations of the computedpositions are displayed according to several levels of visibility. 3.The method of claim 1, further comprising, prior to the step ofdisplaying, the step of: ranking the positions of the set of the firstobject relatively to the second object according to at least twocriterion.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the first object and thesecond object of the assembly are three-dimensional modeled objects andwherein the said at least one criterion is one of the following: anumber of constraints between the first object and the second object ofthe assembly; a number of constraints suggested by a user between thefirst object and the second object of the assembly, the first and secondobjects being relatively positioned; a distance between projections in atwo-dimensional space of the first object and the second object of theassembly, the first and second objects being relatively positioned; adistance, in a three-dimensional space, between the first object and thesecond object of the assembly which are relatively positioned; an angleof rotation between the first object and the second object of theassembly which are relatively positioned; the first object and thesecond object of the assembly, which are relatively positioned, arevisible on the graphical user interface; a design error, between thefirst object and the second object of the assembly which are relativelypositioned, is detected.
 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising,prior to the step of computing the set of positions, the step of: addingconstraints, upon user actuation, between the first object and thesecond obj ect.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the steps of computingat least one matching of the interface information and solving geometricconstraints after each computation of said at least one matching arecarried out according to a traversal of a graph, wherein: each node ofthe graph represents a combination of one interface information of thefirst object and one interface information of the second object; eachnode of the graph at a given level of the graph, pointing on a parentnode, represents the combination already represented by another node inan upper level of said given level; each node of the graph having notsolvable geometric constraints is suppressed of the graph; and for agiven node, a position of the set of positions is provided by: a set ofconstraints built from the combination of said given node; and a set ofconstraints built from the combinations of the parents of said givennode.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of computing a set ofpositions of the first object relatively to the second object of theassembly further comprises: computing a first identifier between atleast two interface information of the first object and a secondidentifier between at least two interface information of the secondobject; associating said first and second identifiers of the interfaceinformation to the objects owning respectively said at least twointerface information of the first object and said at least twointerface information of the second object; and using said first andsecond identifiers for identifying a matching, during the computation ofanother matching involving at least one of said first and secondobjects.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of computing the setof positions of the first object relatively to the second object of theassembly is first performed taking account of the constraints added bythe user, and then performed without taking account of the constraintsadded by the user.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the interfaceinformation of the first object and the interface information of thesecond object is computed in order to be representative of a coincidencewith elements of geometry.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein saidelements of geometry are restricted to points, lines, planes, and axissystems.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein one of the simultaneouslydisplayed representations of the computed positions is emphasized byplacing a cursor on said one of the simultaneously displayedrepresentations upon user action on a haptic device.
 12. Anon-transitory computer readable medium containing a computer programfor designing an assembly of objects in a system of computer-aideddesign, the computer program comprising code means for causing thesystem of computer-aided design to take the steps of: selecting, uponuser action, a first object and a second object of the assembly, thefirst object and the second object having no interface information, aninterface information being a publication enhanced by matinginformation; identifying at least one publication of the first objectand at least one publication of the second object, a publication of aparticular object being a link to an element of geometry of the saidparticular object and making public elements of geometry of theparticular object available for interfacing with the another object;computing, in a processor, an interface information of the first objectand an interface information of the second object for each said at leastone identified publication of the first object and at least oneidentified publication of the second object, the computed interfaceinformation being a publication having enhanced assembly data to build afully specified constraint when matched with another compatibleinterface information, the computed interface information being notmatched with the said another compatible interface information at thetime of its computation, the enhanced assembly data including matinginformation about interfacing the particular object with the anotherobject; computing, in a processor, a set of positions of the firstobject on the second object of the assembly by trying every combinationof geometrical constraints provided by the interface information, thecomputing of the set of positions comprising: computing every matchingsof the interface information of the first object and the second object;and solving geometric constraints between the first object and thesecond object after each computation of said every matchings; anddisplaying, on a display, simultaneously at least two 3D representationsof the computed positions of the first object on the second object,wherein each representation of a computed position is a representationof an assembly of the first and second objects, and wherein thesimultaneous displayed multiple representations each one of the computedpositions have a level of transparency that is determined according to aranking, based on predetermined criteria, of the respective one of thecomputed positions.
 13. An apparatus for designing an assembly ofobjects in a system of computer-aided design, the apparatus comprising:a processor; and a memory with computer code instructions forimplementing a method for designing an assembly of objects storedtherein, the memory operatively coupled to said processor such that thecomputer code instructions configure the processor to implement:selecting, upon user action, a first object and a second object of theassembly, the first object and the second object having no interfaceinformation, an interface information being a publication enhanced bymating information; identifying at least one publication of the firstobject and at least one publication of the second object, a publicationof a particular object being a link to an element of geometry of thesaid particular object and making public elements of geometry of theparticular object available for interfacing with the another object;computing an interface information of the first object and an interfaceinformation of the second object for each said at least one identifiedpublication of the first object and at least one identified publicationof the second object, the computed interface information being apublication having enhanced assembly data to build a fully specifiedconstraint when matched with another compatible interface information,the computed interface information being not matched with the saidanother compatible interface information at the time of its computation,the enhanced assembly data including mating information aboutinterfacing the particular object with the another object; computing aset of positions of the first object on the second object of theassembly by trying every combination of geometrical constraints providedby the interface information, the computing of the set of positionscomprising: computing every matchings of the interface information ofthe first object and the second object; and solving geometricconstraints between the first object and the second object after eachcomputation of said every matchings; and displaying simultaneously atleast two 3D representations of the computed positions of the firstobject on the second object, wherein each representation of a computedposition is a representation of an assembly of the first and secondobjects, and wherein the simultaneous displayed multiple representationseach one of the computed positions have a level of transparency that isdetermined-according to a ranking, based on predetermined criteria, ofthe respective one of the computed positions.